Known cases of tornadoes and their consequences. Dangerous consequences of hurricanes and storms

A tornado (in America this phenomenon is called a tornado) is a fairly stable atmospheric vortex, most often occurring in thunderclouds. It is visualized as a dark funnel, often descending to the surface of the earth. The wind speed in a tornado develops very high - even in weak whirlwinds it reaches 170 km / h, and in some F5 tornadoes a real hurricane rages inside - 500 km / h. Such a natural phenomenon can bring considerable destruction. Tornadoes occur in different parts of the world, but most of all tornadoes and tornadoes occur in the United States, in the so-called "tornado alley".

1. Daulatpur Saturia, Bangladesh (1989)

The greatest destruction and casualties were caused by a tornado that hit Bangladesh on April 26, 1989. In this country, tornadoes are almost as frequent as on the North American continent. The diameter of the tornado exceeded 1.5 kilometers, it traveled 80 kilometers through the Manikganj district in the center of the country. The cities of Saturia and Daulatpur suffered the most. 1,300 people died and 12,000 were injured. A powerful air whirlwind easily lifted into the air and carried away fragile buildings from the poorest areas of cities. Part of the settlements was completely destroyed, and 80,000 inhabitants were left homeless.

2. East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) (1969)

This drama played out in 1969, when Dhaka and its surrounding lands were still the eastern part of Pakistan. The tornado hit the northeastern outskirts of Dhaka, passing through densely populated areas. At that time, 660 people died, and another 4,000 were injured. On that day, two tornadoes passed through these places at once. The impact of the second fell on the Camille region in the Homna Upazila region and claimed the lives of 223 people. Both tornadoes were the result of one storm, but after the occurrence they went along different routes.

There are a wide variety of dangerous places on our planet, which have recently begun to attract a special category of extreme tourists looking for...

3. Madarganj-Mrizapur, Bangladesh (1996)

Proportionately, a small country like Bangladesh is probably even more affected by tornadoes than the United States. And the poverty of the population turns into the largest harvest of victims, which is collected here by the elements. No matter how people study this formidable natural phenomenon, but in 1996 it again took its share of victims. This time, 700 Bangladeshis were killed and about 80,000 of their houses were destroyed.

4. Tri-State Tornado, USA (1925)

For a long time, this tornado that passed through the United States in the first quarter of the last century was considered the most destructive. Its trajectory ran on March 18 through the territory of three states at once - Missouri, Indiana and Illinois. On the Fujita scale, he was awarded the highest category F5. 50,000 Americans were left homeless, over 2,000 were injured, and 695 people died. Most people died in southern Illinois, and other cities were completely destroyed by the wind. The tornado raged for 3.5 hours, moving from state to state at a speed of about 100 km/h.
At that time, there was no television, no Internet, and no special means of warning about the approach of a catastrophe, so most people were taken by surprise. According to eyewitnesses, the diameter of the tornado funnel reached one and a half kilometers. The element caused damage to the then 16.5 million dollars (now it would be over 200 million). On this tragic day, 9 tornadoes raged across 7 states of America, from which a total of 747 inhabitants died during the day.

5. La Valetta, Malta (1961 or 1965)

It would seem that such an island as far from such surprises of nature as Malta in the last century also had to experience the power of angry nature on itself. This whirlwind originated over the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, after which it headed towards the island. Having sunk and broken most of the ships in the Grand Harbor Bay, he went to land, where he was able to take the lives of over 600 Maltese. The most surprising thing is that eyewitnesses indicate the exact date of this catastrophe in different ways: for some it happened in 1961, while for others it happened in 1965. Although they probably wrote about it in the newspapers of that time.

Natural hazards are extreme climatic or meteorological phenomena that occur naturally in a particular area.

6. Sicily, Italy (1851)

But this much older tornado is mentioned in many chronicles, it still attracts the attention of meteorologists and historians. An exact count of the victims was not carried out then, but there were no less than 600 people. It is assumed that the tornado acquired its colossal destructive power when two tornadoes came to land at once and merged into one. Although history has not left any evidence for this, therefore this assumption will remain a hypothesis.

7. Narail and Magura, Bangladesh (1964)

Another tornado that occurred in 1964 in long-suffering Bangladesh devastated two cities and seven villages to boot. Approximately 500 people died, and another 1,400 were declared missing. Despite the scale of this tragedy, very little information about it has reached the world community.

8 Comoros (1951)

The coast of Africa was also vulnerable to this type of element. In 1951, a giant tornado raged in earnest in the Comoros, taking the lives of more than 500 islanders, as well as travelers from France. Could the latter assume that the earthly paradise, where they came to get pleasure, will turn into a pitch hell? In those years, the islands were under the protectorate of France, which decided not to disclose the details of the tragedy.

9. Gainesville, Georgia and Tupelo, Mississippi, USA (1936)

A powerful tornado, which received an F5 category in Gainesville, and an F4 category in Tupelo, literally and figuratively claimed the lives of about 450 people, and their exact number could not be established. At first, the elements hit the city of Tupelo - it happened on April 5, 1936. At least 203 residents were killed there and another 1,600 received injuries of varying severity. There are no exact figures for the victims, but since the newspapers did not take into account the casualties among the Negro population at that time, they must have been much higher.
The world was lucky that one year-old child survived in this pitch hell, whom we later learned under the name of Elvis Presley. The very next day, a tornado that passed Alabama attacked the city of Gainesville, located in Georgia. The Cooper Pants factory was especially affected by the disaster - 70 of its workers died, and another 40 could not be found, and therefore they fell into the category of missing persons. In total, 216 people died in this city, and the state counted losses of 13 million dollars (today it would be 200 million). At the beginning of that April, numerous tornadoes of various strengths hit 6 different states: Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina.

As the statistics of tornadoes show, the destructive impact of the elements extends not only to the environment, but also poses a threat to human life. More detailed information can be found on Wikipedia.

When this phenomenon is formed at sea, it is usually called a tornado, on land - a tornado. In some regions, for example, in Europe, it is called a thrombus. An air funnel in diameter can reach several hundred meters.

How to recognize a tornado

There is no exact description of what a tornado looks like. A natural phenomenon can have a different shape and size. Most often resembles a sleeve or trunk. It is believed that the most dangerous occurrence of a tornado is when it is hidden behind a rain, snow or dust wall. At such moments, even experienced meteorologists find it difficult to notice the impending danger. Despite numerous studies, the causes of tornadoes are not reliably known today.

Before a tornado forms, it is necessary that a significant amount of cold air come into contact with warm and moist air. Most often, a tornado is accompanied by precipitation. When the recharge of energy passes, the destructive effect begins. Its main initiators are water vapor and solar radiation. When a funnel is formed, the air in it moves at a speed of 18 to 138 meters per second. The average speed of a tornado is 20–60 km/h.

After the warm and cold air acquire the same temperature, the tornado loses its power and gradually disappears.

How does a tornado appear and how does it disappear? It always happens unexpectedly. Tornado statistics confirm that this natural phenomenon can rage from several minutes to several hours.

There are two types of elements:

1. Occurs as a result of heavy torrential rains, accompanied by thunder and.
2. Formed as a consequence of other factors.

Tornadoes of the first type are considered more dangerous. Depending on the strength of the tornado, the following groups are determined:

• dust swirls- lasting a maximum of two minutes, able to carry sand, pebbles, small objects over a short distance;
• small tornadoes of short duration- have more destructive power, and their path can reach up to 1000 meters;
• small tornadoes of long duration- like the previous ones, only their actions can spread over several thousand meters;
• hurricane whirlwinds- have a strong destructive effect. Their path can stretch for several tens of kilometers.

The consequences of a tornado can be disappointing:

• objects falling into the center of a tornado, especially those with sharp corners, can cause severe injury to nearby people during rapid rotation;
• broken or uprooted trees, destroyed buildings, broken lines - can leave residents of the affected area without electricity and communications for some time;
• a tornado can easily provoke a flood or;
• when, with a strong tornado, a person finds himself inside a blood clot, he is able to bring the victim to the height of a ten-story building, which minimizes the victim's ability to survive.

Tornadoes, as a natural phenomenon, are observed in almost all parts of the globe. Only regions with an arctic and subarctic climate are excluded.

Where are the elements most often found?

Tornado statistics show that most often they hit the North American continent:

• the central territories of the USA;
• a little less often - the eastern states of America;
• the state of Florida, especially the part that is located near the Florida Keys. Tornadoes occur almost daily, from late spring to mid-autumn.

Europe is considered the second place of formation of tornadoes, with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula. Part of Russia, located on European territory, also cannot avoid spontaneous manifestations. Less commonly, tornadoes are observed in:

1. Eastern Argentina.
2. West East Australia.

Tornado "Camilla"

One of the strongest tornadoes in the world is considered "Camilla". Although it originated on the west coast of Africa, the devastating impact was mostly on the United States. He swept through the states:

1. Mississippi.
2. Alabama.
3. Virginia.
4. Louisiana.

US tornado statistics note that then:

• 113 people died;
• 256 people are missing;
• 8931 people were injured.

Nearly 75% of tornadoes originate in North America. On the central plains of the country, characterized by a flat surface, the average number of formations is about 700 per year. The territory is called "Tornado Valley".

The most destructive tornadoes

In addition to "Camilla", the statistics of tornadoes highlight even more destructive ones in history. List of tornadoes by year:

• 1870- San Callisto or the Great Hurricane. Officially, about 22 thousand people were counted dead. The tornado swept through part of the Caribbean islands and Haiti. Its destructive power not only uprooted trees, but also tore off the bark. As a result, almost 95% of the structures were destroyed.
• 1900- Galveston, played out in the state of Texas. As a result, approximately 6,000 people became victims of the tornado. About 370 dwellings remained destroyed.
• 1970- Cyclone Bloch raged in East Pakistan and West Bengal (India). The exact number of victims is unknown. Estimated to be around half a million. Due to the amount of precipitation, many villages on the banks of the Ganges River were not only flooded, but completely washed away by water.
• 1975- Nina in China. The typhoon broke through several dams with its force, the first of which was Bankiao. The gushing water claimed the lives of 230 thousand people. The exact number of victims is unknown.
• 1992— Andrew. It hit the northwestern part of the Bahamas, touching southern Florida and southwestern Louisiana. 26 deaths occurred during its operation and 36 as a result of injuries a little later.
• 1992- Iniki, originated in Haiti. For an island with a small territory, the destructive power of a tornado has become. 6 residents died.
• 1998– Mitch formed in the Atlantic basin. It raged in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras. 20 thousand human victims were counted. More than 1 million inhabitants were left not only without a roof over their heads, but also without drinking water and medicines, which in turn provoked a massive spread of infectious diseases.
• 2002- Kenna. The village of San Blas suffered the most. Although there were no human casualties, the consequences were disappointing, since only a quarter of the buildings remained completely intact.
• 2005 year- Katrina, who hit the east coast of the United States with her power. Tornado statistics in the United States marked it as the most destructive element in the history of the country. Then flooded most of New Orleans - approximately 80%, 1836 people died - 705. More than 500 thousand residents were left homeless.

In the history of the 20th century, the largest tornado in the world in terms of destruction occurred in America in 1999 (Oklahoma City). He raged for 1.5 hours. He was given the name "The Beast". Fortunately, when the peak of the tornado came, the residents were able to evacuate and reduce the number of victims to a minimum.

Many believe that tornadoes usually occur in the ocean, for example, during calm. This is confirmed by meteorologists, who noted that when the temperature rises by one degree, the strength of the hurricane increases by 5%.

American tornadoes of the 21st century

The largest tornadoes in the Americas:

According to the number of tornadoes formed, 3–4.04.1974 are distinguished. In two days, 147 blood clots were observed affecting 11 states of America, and one state was hit by a tornado in Canada.

The statistics of tornadoes in Russia notes that due to a gradual increase in air temperature, the number of tornadoes that occur over 30 years has increased by 1.5 times. Meteorologists also predict that oceanic typhoons will become even more destructive every year.

Tornado disaster films

Increasingly popular in the cinema are gaining stories about disasters. about tornadoes and tornadoes were no exception. List of the best pictures that you can watch online:

1. "Hurricane" (1979).
2. "Smerch" (1996).
3. "The pursuit of the tornado."
4. "Tornado Horror in New York".
5. "Ice Storm".
6. "Disaster Day"
7. Disaster Day 2.

Storm- a type of hurricane, but has a lower wind speed. The main causes of casualties during hurricanes and storms are the defeat of people by flying fragments, falling trees and building elements. The immediate cause of death in many cases is asphyxia from pressure, severe injuries. Among the survivors, there are multiple soft tissue injuries, closed or open fractures, craniocerebral injuries, spinal injuries. Wounds often contain deeply penetrated foreign bodies (soil, pieces of asphalt, glass fragments), which leads to septic complications and even gas gangrene. Dust storms are especially dangerous in the southern arid regions of Siberia and the European part of the country, as they cause erosion and weathering of the soil, removal or backfilling of crops, and exposure of roots.

Tornado(tornado) - a whirlwind movement of air propagating in the form of a giant black column with a diameter of up to hundreds of meters, inside which rarefaction of the air is observed, where various objects are drawn.

The speed of air rotation in the dust column reaches 500 m/s. The air in the column rises in a spiral and draws in dust, water, objects, people. A tornado sometimes destroys entire villages. During its existence, it can travel up to 600 km, moving at a speed of up to 20 m/s.

Buildings caught in a tornado due to rarefaction in the air column are destroyed from the pressure of air from the inside. Sometimes a tornado moves at a speed exceeding the speed of sound. It uproots trees, overturns cars, trains, lifts houses or their elements (roofs, individual parts) into the air, and transports people for several kilometers. The dead showed devastation of the body, broken empty skulls, compressed chests.

Sweeping over the earth's surface, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes break and uproot trees, tear off roofs and destroy houses, power lines and communications, buildings and structures, disable various equipment. As a result of a short circuit in the power grid, fires occur, the supply of electricity is interrupted, the operation of objects stops, and other harmful consequences may occur. People may find themselves under the rubble of destroyed buildings and structures. Fragments of destroyed buildings and structures and other objects flying at high speed can cause serious injuries to people

PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN THE RISK OF TASTERS (HURRICANS AND STORMS)

The activities of authorities and administration aimed at preventing and mitigating the consequences of tornadoes (hurricanes and storms). Includes: notification of the population about the threat of the danger of a natural phenomenon; determination of the main direction of propagation of a tornado (hurricane, storm); disconnection of power lines, de-energization of consumers in order to avoid the closure of electrical networks; alerting forces and means of fire extinguishing; cleaning of roofs, balconies from foreign objects; alerting utilities; alerting medical supplies; strengthening of buildings and structures; shelter of the population in capital buildings, basements and shelters; protection of showcases, windows on the windward side; carrying out anti-flood measures; shelter, driving farm animals to safe places; securing equipment, machinery; teaching the population the rules of behavior in the face of the threat and occurrence of tornadoes, hurricanes and storms; termination of loading and unloading operations, securing of handling equipment; mooring or withdrawal to the open sea of ​​large vessels; shelter in channels, canals and fastening of ships of a small fleet; Strengthening the regulation and control of traffic on motorways, stopping traffic.

Cherkashina Valentina

As a child, I read A. Volkov's book "The Wizard of the Emerald City", where the girl Ellie is lifted up by a tornado along with a house. At what it is called either a storm or a hurricane. Listening to Novosti with my parents, I sometimes heard about storms and hurricanes. Sometimes a storm warning was broadcast on the radio in Altai. I understood that all these are different winds. I just didn’t understand why my mother called them differently. When we were in Gelendzhik for the first time two years ago. We managed to film the tornado with a video camera. It was a beautiful sight. When I asked: "What is it?". Mom replied that it was just a wind, a dangerous wind. Tornadoes, this is a beautiful sight. The movement of particles inside the pump is mesmerizing in such a way that you can’t take your eyes off. For half a year I have been living in Novorossiysk and all the time I hear about the wind: sailor, north - east. But most of all I heard about the tornado that hit the city 5 years ago. It was the first time such a disaster had happened to the city. In the stories of classmates about this tragedy, I heard both fear, and delight, and just interest. But none of the eyewitnesses could tell me exactly how it happened, why. And since I now live here, it means that I should know as much as possible about tornadoes. How they appear, how and where they move. And most importantly, how to protect yourself, your home, if a tornado is nearby. What is this wind? Why are they so afraid of him? How do people deal with it? And what to do if you are blown off your feet? I decided to find answers to all these questions /

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Tornado: its nature, consequences, safety rules.

Page

Introduction. 3

1. Origin and types of winds. four

1. Wind - what is it? four
2. Wind speed. four
3. Cyclone. four
4. Hurricane (typhoon). four
5. Storm. 5
6. Tornadoes. 6

2. Catastrophic storms, hurricanes, tornadoes. eight
2.1 Catastrophic storms, hurricanes, tornadoes according to media reports. eight
2.2. Element in Novorossiysk on August 8, 2002. eleven

3. The consequences of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. eleven

4. Measures to reduce damage from hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. 12
5. Rules for safe behavior in the event of a threat and during hurricanes, storms and tornadoes: 13

5.1. Rules of conduct for various types of threats during hurricanes, storms,
tornadoes; 13

5.2. What to do if a tornado caught you by surprise, (information of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation) 14
6. Research. fourteen
Conclusion. fifteen
Applications. 16
List of used literature. 29

Introduction.

As a child, I read A. Volkov's book "The Wizard of the Emerald City", where the girl Ellie is lifted up by a tornado along with a house. At what it is called either a storm or a hurricane. Listening to Novosti with my parents, I sometimes heard about storms and hurricanes. Sometimes a storm warning was broadcast on the radio in Altai. I understood that all these are different winds. I just didn’t understand why my mother called them differently. When we were in Gelendzhik for the first time two years ago. We managed to film the tornado with a video camera. It was a beautiful sight. When I asked: "What is it?". Mom replied that it was just a wind, a dangerous wind. Tornadoes, this is a beautiful sight. The movement of particles inside the pump is mesmerizing in such a way that you can’t take your eyes off. For half a year I have been living in Novorossiysk and all the time I hear about the wind: sailor, north - east. But most of all I heard about the tornado that hit the city 5 years ago. It was the first time such a disaster had happened to the city. In the stories of classmates about this tragedy, I heard both fear, and delight, and just interest. But none of the eyewitnesses could tell me exactly how it happened, why. And since I now live here, it means that I should know as much as possible about tornadoes. How they appear, how and where they move. And most importantly, how to protect yourself, your home, if a tornado is nearby. What is this wind? Why are they so afraid of him? How do people deal with it? And what to do if you are blown off your feet? I decided to find answers to all these questions /

1. Origin and types of winds.

1.1 Wind - what is it? We live at the bottom of a vast ocean of air surrounding the globe. How does the depth of this ocean arise - 1000 km; it is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere mainly consists of a mixture of two gases - 1/5 oxygen and 4/5 nitrogen. This is the air we breathe.

The ocean of air is as restless as the other oceans of the planet. Solar radiation, the rotation of the Earth and many other factors affect it in such a way that air masses are constantly moving. Their movement is what we call wind. The cause of wind is the difference in atmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure is due to the difference in temperature.

Nothing living could exist on Earth without air and wind. Inhaling air, living organisms saturate their blood with oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Winds, these kind of “mixing plants” of the Earth, provide an exchange between the polluted air of cities and the clean, oxygenated air of fields and forests, warm equatorial and cold air of the polar regions, disperse clouds and bring rain clouds to fields where nothing would be possible without moisture. did not grow. Thus, the wind is one of the most important components of life. But it can also be a destroyer, more destructive than many other natural elements.

1.2 Wind speed. The English Admiral Francis Beaufort, back in 1806, proposed a 12-point wind scale, named after him the Beaufort scale. He subdivided winds depending on the speed of movement of air masses.

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes are classified as wind meteorological phenomena. The indicator that determines their destructive effect is the velocity pressure of air masses. Boreas, notes, samum, habub, thrombus, argest, whirlwind, geoh, shaitan, tebbad, bad - and - ka-sif, shark, sirocco, grevo, sarma, irrigate - all these are the names of hurricane winds and tornadoes in different languages. The reason for their occurrence is the formation of tropical cyclones in the atmosphere.

1.1. Cyclone. In general, a cyclone is an area of ​​low pressure in the atmosphere. A tropical cyclone or tropical hurricane is an atmospheric eddy of considerable intensity and small diameter that occurs over the oceans in tropical latitudes and causes strong sea waves and significant destruction on land.

The structure of tropical cyclones is the same. Their central part with weak clouds and weak winds is usually called the eye of the storm. The outer part, in which hurricane speeds of rotation of air masses are observed, is called the wall of the cyclone. The average width of the zone of hurricane and storm winds is several hundred kilometers, its height usually varies from 6 to 15 km. The speed of movement of the cyclones themselves is different. Its average value is 50 - 60 km / h, and the maximum - 150 - 200 km / h.

The distribution of tropical cyclones is well studied. There are four areas of their origin. In just a year, at least 70 powerful tropical cyclones occur on the globe on average. They come to the territory of the Russian Federation mainly from the Far East coast (Primorye, Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands).

1.2. A hurricane (typhoon, squall) is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which exceeds 32 m/s.

The birth of hurricanes is a complex physical process. So far, it has not yet been fully studied and remains one of the mysteries for weather science.

An approximate scheme of the origin of a hurricane is as follows: the main thing for its occurrence is the appearance of a low pressure area in the atmosphere. In the tropics, air masses are very hot and saturated with water vapor. As a result, powerful ascending air currents arise, which lead to a drop in atmospheric pressure in this area. streams

air immediately rushes there. What happens there, you can watch in your bath. When water is poured out of the tub through the drain hole, a whirlpool is formed. Approximately the same thing happens with the air, which rushes into the area of ​​low pressure. Due to the rotation of the Earth around its own axis, the winds in a hurricane are not directed towards its center, but along a tangent to a circle circumscribed around this center.

The destructive power of a hurricane is enormous. It is created by a powerful wind that carries large masses of water, mud and sand. It is in the combined action of wind and water that the power of a hurricane lies.

The destruction caused by a hurricane depends on the magnitude of its energy. Its main source is the release of heat during the condensation of water vapor. The energy released in 10 days of a tropical hurricane could be enough to meet the electricity needs of a country like the United States for 600 years. The heat released by a large hurricane is equal to the heat generated by the combustion of 2-3 million tons of coal. And there are about a hundred such hurricanes a year. Asian cyclones - typhoons - are much more dangerous. American scientists have calculated that the energy of such a hurricane could be enough to supply all of Western Europe with electricity for five whole months.

These tropical hurricanes most often occur in the summer over the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean, when the water heated by the sun gives up its heat to the air. The diameter of such a hurricane can reach 900 km - this is immeasurably larger than the area captured by the tornado, and the speed of rotation of air masses reaches 500 km / h. In this monstrous whirlwind lies a destructive force.

At the center of each tropical cyclone, an area of ​​very low pressure and high temperature forms. This is the "eye of the typhoon". Its diameter is 10-30 km. It is quiet here, and around, rotating clockwise, hurricane winds rage. The “eye of the typhoon”, or “eye of the storm”, sometimes misleads people who got there from the zone where the knocking wind rages and huge shafts rise. Believing that the danger has passed, inexperienced sailors relax, leave their shelters, forget about precautions. Carelessness costs them dearly. The whirlwind moves and again falls on the unfortunates, blows them off the deck.

Hurricane winds often lead to storms. Hurricanes and typhoons are rarer than their younger brothers, tornadoes. Up to a hundred tornadoes occur annually, a tenth of them occur in the United States. It was there that, since 1953, tornadoes began to be assigned short and easy-to-remember female names in alphabetical order, starting every year with the letter "A". And since 1979, they also began to use male names (women declared the former situation offensive discrimination). The first hurricanes of 1953 were named Anna and Bob. Like earthquakes, typhoons and hurricanes are especially dangerous when they occur over water. Approaching the shore, the hurricane drives huge masses of water in front of it and brings them down on land. Usually accompanied by prolonged downpours and tornadoes, the storm billow furiously rolls onto the shore and sweeps away all living things.

1.5 . A storm is a very strong (with a speed of over 20 m/s) and continuous wind. Storms are characterized by lower wind speeds than hurricanes, and their duration ranges from several hours to several days.

Depending on the season, the place of their formation and the involvement of particles of various compositions into the air, dust, dustless, snow and squall storms are distinguished. Storms often occur in areas not covered by forests. A successful way to deal with them is the cultivation of forests in the steppe and semi-desert regions.

Dust (sand) storms are accompanied by the transfer of large amounts of soil and sand particles. Occur in desert, semi-desert and steppe regions, where there is soil uncovered with grass cover. In strong winds, a large amount of dust and small particles of earth are lifted into the air. Dust storms can carry millions of tons of dust over hundreds and even thousands of kilometers and cover an area of ​​several hundred thousand square kilometers with it.

Such storms usually occur in summer, during dry winds, sometimes in spring and in snowless winters. In the steppe zone, they often occur during irrational plowing of land. In Russia, the northern border of the distribution of dust storms passes through Saratov, Samara, Ufa, Orenburg and the foothills of Altai. Dust-free storms are characterized by the absence of dust entrainment into the air and a relatively smaller scale of destruction and damage. However, moving, they can turn into dust or snow storms (depending on the composition and condition of the surface layer of the earth and the presence of snow cover).

Snowstorms are also characterized by significant wind speeds, which contribute to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air. The duration of such storms ranges from several hours to several days. They have a relatively narrow band of action (from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers). In Russia, snow storms of great strength occur on the plains of its European part and in the steppe part of Siberia.

Squall storms are characterized by an almost sudden onset, just as quick an end, a short duration, and a huge destructive force. In Russia, these storms are widespread throughout its European part and in marine areas, where they are called squalls. Storms are classified depending on the color and composition of the particles involved in the movement, as well as on the wind speed.

1.6. Tornadoes are no less dangerous phenomenon, born in tropical latitudes. Vertical vortices in the atmosphere - tornadoes and tornadoes - have been known from descriptions in literature since the 17th century. The Russian word "tornado" comes from the word "twilight". The first mention of a tornado in Russia dates back to 1406. The Trinity Chronicle reports that near Nizhny Novgorod, “a whirlwind is terribly terrifying” lifted a team into the air along with a horse and a man and carried it away so that they became “invisible quickly”. The next day, a cart and a dead horse were found hanging from a tree on the other side of the Volga, and the man was missing. It happens that a tornado draws in a huge amount of water, which, when its column breaks up, pours onto the ground in a single stream.

In the structure of a tornado, a central part is distinguished - the core and the periphery - the mantle. The rotational movement of air in the core of a tornado occurs at the same angular velocity as in a solid body. Outside the core, in the mantle, the angular velocity gradually decreases with distance from the axis of rotation. The horizontal air speed in the core of the vortex is on average 40 - 50 m/s, sometimes it can reach 100 m/s.

In the vast majority of tornadoes in the northern hemisphere, the rotation of air occurs counterclockwise - this is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. A significant decrease in pressure in the core of the tornado leads to increased condensation of water vapor, which contributes to the further development of the vortex. The visual extent of the tornado in height is 0.8-1.5 km, while its upper part can penetrate beyond the lower edge of the cloud to a height of more than 3 km. Due to the high speed of ascending air currents in the core of the vortex (up to 60-80 m/sec.), the objects drawn in by it are ejected at a distance of about 16 km to the left of the trajectory of motion and about 30-50 km forward from the base (due to friction on the ground). the surface of the tornado during its movement is extended by the upper part forward). In 9% of the total number of observed tornadoes, the existence of several vortices at a small distance from each other was noted - these are “fraternal tornadoes” (“twins”).

A tornado is easily reproduced in the laboratory if a column of warm air rises with rotation with the help of a small fan over a bath of hot water.

The beginning of the tornado. Usually tornadoes begin like this: an ominous thundercloud appears on the horizon, flooding the entire surrounding area with an unusual, ghostly greenish light, stuffy, humid heat grows, it becomes difficult to breathe. At first the wind picks up and it starts to rain. And suddenly the temperature drops sharply by 15°C. Suddenly, from the overhanging clouds, a giant “trunk” descends to the ground, rotating at a frantic speed, another whirlwind stretches towards it from the surface, similar to an overturned funnel. If they close, they form a huge, counter-clockwise rotating pillar. With a deafening roar, this pillar rolls between heaven and earth, drawing in everything that comes in its path - uprooted trees, sand, houses, cars, people.

It's all over in ten minutes. The “trunk” is drawn back into the thundercloud, and on the ground there remains a strip several kilometers long and 50 to 400 meters wide, along which a huge asphalt skating rink seems to have passed. Tornadoes form when two large air masses of different temperature and humidity collide. Moreover, in the lower layers the air is warm, and in the upper layers it is cold. Warm, naturally, rises, while it cools, and the water vapor contained in it falls out as rain. But if the wind begins to blow from the side, which deflects the flow of rising warm air to the side, then a rotational movement occurs around the vertical axis. Its speed sometimes reaches 450 km / h. The whirlwind becomes narrower and faster, like a skater who spins faster the tighter he presses his arms to his body.

The passage of a powerful tornado over the area forms a strip of destruction from 100 to 200 m wide. The heaviest objects are lifted by a whirlwind to a small height and then thrown aside, while small ones are drawn into the cloud. During the passage of a tornado through Moscow in 1904, a policeman was raised from the territory of the German market in Moscow. A minute after rising above the nearby houses, he was thrown to the ground, beaten by hail, in torn clothes. On the same day, at one of the crossings of the railway near Moscow, a tornado moved a railway booth to a new location along with a lineman.

A powerful tornado destroys houses on the way of its movement, uproots trees. Repeatedly, the tornado lifted people, cows and horses into the air for several seconds. In 1956, when passing through the village of Khutor, Minsk region, a tornado lifted a horse high into the air. Once, a man raised by a tornado flew 500 m through the air. He managed to avoid death only because he grabbed a tree and, thanks to its branches, softened his fall. However, the tornado has never succeeded in either sinking or damaging a sea vessel.

Having exhausted its energy, the tornado throws out the objects drawn into the clouds from the clouds. This explains the repeatedly observed rains of herring, jellyfish, frogs, turtles. If a tornado draws plants or microorganisms into the cloud from red ponds and swamps, red rains are observed. In 1940, a rain of silver coins was observed near the village of Meshchery in the Gorky Region. It turns out that during a thunderstorm on the territory of the Gorky region, a treasure with coins was washed away. A tornado passing nearby lifted the coins into the air and threw them out near the village of Meshchera.

Tornadoes are most often observed in countries with a tropical climate (especially in the Gulf of Mexico) in hot spring and summer weather. The most favorable conditions for the occurrence of tornadoes exist in thunderclouds, from where these whirlwinds usually descend to the ground. About 900 tornadoes visit America every year, here they are called tornadoes. Most often, the tornado hits the territory of the states of Texas and Ohio, where an average of 114 people per year die from it. On March 18, 1925, the strongest of these tornadoes raged over the US Midwest for three hours and claimed 689 lives. Over land, tornadoes have a diameter of 100 m to 1 km, sometimes up to 2 km; above the water surface, their diameter decreases to 250.-. 100 m. As a rule, a tornado travels a distance of 40-60 km at a speed of 10-20 m/s, which is 36-72 km/h. In rare cases, its path can be long, up to 500 km. In the USA, where tornadoes form about 40-.60 times more often than in Europe, the frequency of their formation by months of the year is parallel to the frequency of thunderstorms. In deserts, when the sandy surface is strongly heated by the sun, small tornadoes also occur, with a diameter of about 2.-.4 m and a height of up to 0.5-.1 km. In some cases, such tornadoes can exist up to 2 hours.

Most often, tornadoes have little energy. They usually disappear quickly after the onset and do not cause significant harm. Powerful tornadoes exist for a long time and cause great destruction in the area through which they pass. In the United States, the passage of one tornado brings losses of up to $100,000. Timely warnings of meteorologists about the passage of tornadoes can significantly reduce possible losses.

Tornadoes occur in all regions of the globe. In Russia, they most often occur in the Volga region and Siberia, in the Urals and the Black Sea coast, including in the Novorossiysk region. Small and vague tornadoes were seen on the territory of the Altai Territory.

A tornado is almost always clearly visible, with its approach a deafening rumble is heard.

2 . Catastrophic storms, hurricanes, tornadoes.

2.1 . Catastrophic storms, hurricanes, tornadoes according to media reports.

On September 8, 1900, one of these strongest hurricanes destroyed the American port town of Galveston, which stood on the long, narrow spit of Galveston Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. Its highest point was only 1.4 m above sea level. The spit was connected to the mainland by two bridges. The day that brought the disaster began with heavy rain, followed by a violent storm. So in Galveston, when the pressure dropped lower and lower, the head of the local meteorological service tried to persuade the inhabitants of the city to leave the cape, but in vain. By evening, a hurricane hit. A giant wave at a speed of 200 km / h flooded the streets and roads of the spit. Telegraph poles fell, houses were destroyed, many people died trying to escape - it became impossible to get to the nearby mainland, the elements demolished both bridges. And what survived the hurricane died from the flood. After seven hours, the natural disaster ended, but Galveston was finished. The flourishing town turned into a heap of ruins, 5,000 people were injured, 6,000 died. Many have gone missing.

On June 29, 1904, a destructive tornado was born near Moscow. He moved towards Moscow, becoming wider and wider. Soon his column reached a width of about 500 meters. When she reached the village of Shashino, huts began to take off into the sky; the air around the column was filled with debris and pieces of trees. At the same time, to the west, a few kilometers from the first, there was a second column. She moved along the railway, passing through the stations of Podolsk, Klimovsk and Grivno. Both columns crashed into densely built-up areas of Moscow. As they advanced, darkness fell; two carriages collided in one of the streets. The darkness was accompanied by a terrible noise, a roar and a whistle that drowned out everything around. A hail of unprecedented proportions fell; individual hailstones, which had the shape of a star, reached 400-600 grams. A direct hit from such a hailstone killed on the spot, chopped thick branches of trees, tore off wires. The destructive power of the tornado was terrifying. 200 houses were damaged in Kapotnya, 150 in Chagino; most of them have been reduced to rubble. The main column of the tornado crossed Moscow. The large stone houses survived, but the roofs were torn off everywhere, the rafters were broken, and in some places the top floor was also damaged. The number of victims exceeded one hundred people, the wounded counted 233.

Typhoon "Gorynych" stopped the train On May 8, 1909, a devastating tornado swept over Chelyabinsk. Local meteorologist Vorontsovsky collected all the stories of eyewitnesses, described in detail the event of that day in local newspapers. The tornado literally grew before our eyes, in just a minute it turned into a huge funnel in a shaggy hat. She spun wildly and sucked in the waters of Lake Smolino. Water was dragged up by gravity, along with bottom silt, as if into a pipe. Already on the shore, she collapsed. It immediately began to rain with hail and, together with water, stones, fish, clods of dirt, boards, and junk fell down from above. Then, apparently, the tornado "went" towards Kurgan. Since on the same day a black, spirally spinning pillar flew into the village of Mishkino. At that time, a peasant was driving down the street in a cart with two children. He was lifted into the air and thrown with terrible force through the window of a neighboring hut. He dropped the frame with his head and flew into the room like a bullet. His children were thrown under the rubble of this house and, fortunately, covered from above with a roof brought from somewhere. The shoemaker, who at that time was peacefully sitting at work, unexpectedly, through a shattered window, flies two huge lumps of sugar. Each is the size of a head. In another place, bundles of sausages were hung from the ceiling near the sausage-maker. The wind picked up the entire roof along with the "goods" and, dragging two streets, threw them onto the square. That was the joy of the local mongrels, who immediately began to take away the sausage that had fallen from the sky. And how he frightened the regulars of the tavern! Right on the porch, the wind threw a dead man from the village cemetery. One of the drunkards was so frightened that he jumped into the well and drowned. The tornado swept through the southern part of the village. Roofs were torn off from houses and shops and carried away for a long distance, two or three log shops were swept to the ground. In some places hail the size of a hen's egg fell from the clouds. The hailstones beat chickens and geese to death and drove dogs into a frenzy. The wind crumpled the roofing iron like ordinary paper. Moreover, he stopped a freight train approaching the station and even moved it back! And the tornado devastated a small lake to the bottom. Along with the water, he sucked in hundreds of domestic geese and ducks. The day after the disaster, they were found with their heads and paws turned away. Moreover, the tornado literally “plucked” the birds: they were without feathers. The local population sorted out the rubble for a long time, counted the losses. And for the incredible strength and devastation, this element was dubbed the typhoon "Gorynych". Mishkin residents were able to recover from the damage done only by the beginning of the First World War.

In January 1953, fierce northerly winds raged in the North Sea, preventing its waters from flowing into the ocean through the English Channel, and they accumulated off the coast of East Anglia and the Netherlands. The sea level rose there by 6 m above normal, the waves flooded the coastal plains, demolished many dams and bridges, flooded almost the entire south-west of the Netherlands. In England, port facilities, moorings, warehouses, residential buildings were broken, many cars were swept into the sea. In the Netherlands, 68,000 people lost their homes, 1,835 drowned.

In 1959, a typhoon devastated the Japanese city of Nagoya. 5300 citizens died. Nine years later, a similar disaster occurred in Germany. On the night of February 16-17, 1962, two phenomena independent of each other led to terrible consequences: a hurricane force of 11-12 points drove the waters of the North Sea ashore, and at the same time a flood began on the Elbe. River waters rushed back, their level rose by 6 m. They demolished dams, eroded embankments, flooded houses, streets, roads. Huge areas were under water. Thousands of people remained in the disaster zone, cut off by the flood. Army units, the police, as well as volunteers, among whom there were many young people, were thrown to their rescue. However, help came too late to 315 residents.

One of the most terrible natural disasters that befell our planet was brought by a tropical hurricane that broke out in November 1970 in the Bay of Bengal. The typhoon that arose there rushed to the north, at the mouth of the Ganges. The reversing waters of the "great sacred" river of India, swollen from heavy rains, flooded 800,000 square kilometers in coastal areas (which is three times the size of the entire territory of Germany), from 200,000 to 300,000 people died in this disaster.

In Tyubuk, a tornado destroyed a centuries-old pine forest. On July 27, 1971, it began to rain over Tyubuk in the evening with a thunderstorm. Suddenly, at the seventh hour, the inhabitants heard a powerful rumble, as if an airplane was approaching. Soon, a spinning column of dust with fragments of slate, boards, and trees appeared above the village. In 10-15 minutes, he walked along a third of Tyubuk: the houses in this part were all left without roofs. And on the outskirts of the hut owner was dragged into the street along with the bed on which he was lying. His neighbors house was completely destroyed. The pine forest also fell into the zone of destruction. Powerful centuries-old trees were uprooted or broken into several pieces. A tornado tore off the reinforced concrete ceiling from the transformer substation. A slab of almost two tons weighing was thrown 10 meters. When everything calmed down, a picture of destruction became visible. The track of the tornado was no more than 300 meters wide, and stretched for 10 kilometers.

In June 1975, we carried out a complex of works near the picturesque Kalmakemel granite massif in the Northern Balkhash region. At noon, a powerful gust of cold wind swept through the salt marsh. A dark storm cloud appeared on the horizon. Knowing that granite massifs attract lightning to themselves like a magnet, we got into the "UAZ" and drove away, and about two kilometers from Kalmakemel stopped in a hollow to have a bite to eat. Suddenly, not far from us, on the edge of a sunlit thundercloud at a height of 1-1.5 kilometers, a giant toroid was formed, similar to an enlarged smoke ring from a cigarette. He began to draw in a cloud and throw it on the ground with a wide cone (reverse tornado), raising clouds of dust in the place where we were half an hour ago. The spectacle was enchanting, reminiscent of a nuclear explosion. I woke up because a tin mug of tea burned my fingers. My four colleagues "sleep" in the most unusual positions, holding sandwiches in the air. He stirred up his guys, extremely surprised by such a joke of nature. I accidentally timed it - the blackout lasted a minute and a half. What if the tea hadn't burned my hands?

The weather station did not see the Kopeysk squall. Saturday, August 12, 1978 was hot and sunny. People rushed to the lakes. By evening, a huge thundercloud appeared in the vicinity of the city. She moved so rapidly that many vacationers simply did not have time to find shelter. As soon as I had time to tie the boat to the reeds, I was immediately covered with a black wall, later recalled the amateur fisherman Philip Filimendrikov. The rain poured down like a bucket, it became completely dark, all around it thundered and rumbled. Meanwhile, something unimaginable was happening in Kopeysk itself. In just fifteen minutes, windows were shattered into smithereens, large trees fell, poles broke, and the wind ripped off the slate from the roofs. Even the lampposts turned in the opposite direction. All this was accompanied by a strong rumble, which is very typical for tornadoes. It is noteworthy that the nearest weather station noted a wind of 14 meters per second. A little more than usual! And Kopeysk at that time was flying fences and sheds. And when everything calmed down over Lake Shelyugino, where Philip Filimendrikov was fishing, ball lightning appeared: - I straightened up, looked at the western shore and froze, he said. - Not far from me, about 200 meters above the water, a luminous ball was flying, a little more than a soccer ball. It did not fly straight, but with winding turns in the direction from west to east. In a few moments he flew over the big reeds and I lost sight of him.

On May 29, 1981, a black cloud descended on the Lithuanian town of Shirvintas. Around 16.30, a "trunk" descended from it, which, wriggling, approached the ground. Here is what a machine operator who worked on a tractor at that time said: “Suddenly, sand, earth, and leaves and scraps of paper that had come from somewhere began to spin, rise up, merging with a pillar that had descended from a black cloud. A strong hum was heard. Suddenly I see: the horse flew through the air and plopped down on the ground. My eight-ton tractor, sixteen-ton trailer began tossing from side to side, and I grabbed onto the seat. I don't remember anything else. I woke up in the hospital." It turned out that the tornado overturned the tractor and threw the tractor driver out of the cab. Moving over the Shirvinta River, the tornado sucked in water and, having carried 200-300 meters, poured it out. Having swept through the stone cottages, the tornado tore off the roofs, tore out the floors and “sucked out” all things. Everything flew away, even furniture (those who were not injured collected their belongings for several days). The power of the tornado was incredible. Even the modern buildings of the oil plant and the boiler house could not resist it. KamAZ and Kirovtsy flew through the air, not to mention cars. The tornado lifted the service bus from the ground, carried it through the boiler room and threw it over 300 meters; the driver, who tried to put the car in a shelter, died.

On the afternoon of June 9, 1984, tornadoes of monstrous force passed through the Moscow, Kalinin, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and Kostroma regions. The most powerful tornado was observed in Ivanovo. At 15.45 a very dark cloud with a "trunk" appeared near the city. A funnel-shaped ledge descended to the ground, swaying from side to side. Almost touching the surface, the funnel began to expand rapidly and suck in objects. Its lower end rose and fell again. It was clearly visible that the “trunk” was rapidly rotating, throwing out the objects drawn into it at a height. There was a strong whistle and rumble, as if from a jet plane. The funnel inside glowed, and it all looked like a boiling cauldron. The cloud from which the tornado descended was rapidly moving north. In a strip about 500 meters wide, the tornado leveled houses, broke and pulled out trees, poles, power lines, pines and birches were demolished, and houses collapsed. The tank of the water tower weighing 50 tons was thrown 200 meters to the side. In an instant, the tornado turned everything into a continuous mess, leaving behind the corpses of people and uprooted trees. Only those residents of Ivanovo who took refuge in the cellars, stone houses, were saved. The tornado completely wiped out the villages of Belyanitsy and Govyadovo from the face of the earth. Only in the city hospital No. 7, 97 people were operated on, another 166 received first aid. The total number of victims was huge, and the exact number of deaths is still unknown to this day.

On August 21, 1985, near Sochi, about 40 cars and many tents with people in them were washed into the sea by a water shaft that swept along the Hobza River. The day before, it rained continuously in this area for almost a day, but there was no noticeable rise in the water level in the river. It turned out that a tornado came out from the sea to land. All the water contained in it - several million cubic meters - spilled in the upper reaches of the Khobza. A water shaft 5.5 meters high and about 150 meters wide was formed, which rushed to the sea, sweeping away everything in its path.

From January to March 2006, 286 tornadoes swept across the United States. At the same time, in previous years, the maximum was 70. The most destructive was Hurricane Katrina, accompanied by dozens of tornadoes. The biggest destruction and casualties in the city of Orleans.

On August 8, 2002, a hurricane wind with thunderstorms and a tornado hit Novorossiysk and the villages of Abrau - Durso, Tsemdolina, Northern and Southern Ozereyka. Forecasters warned of the formation of tornadoes and their possible exit to land. This happened at 11.45 between the villages of Yuzhnaya Ozereyka and Abrau-Dyurso, 3000 meters high and 200 meters in diameter. Within a few hours Novorossiysk received a two-month rainfall. According to the press service of the administration of Novorossiysk, the total damage amounted to 2.2 billion rubles. Died within the city - 58 people, of which - 21 Novorossiysk. Missing - 8 people, 3 of them Novorossiysk. A total of 123,000 people were affected. 189 houses were destroyed, 365 require major repairs. Property of 1800 families was partially or completely lost. In addition, significant damage was caused to the city's economy. Thousands of houses were flooded and damaged, roads were destroyed, communications were damaged. Dams were destroyed in the settlements of Myskhako and Vladimirovka. Pollution of the coastal zone is a great health hazard and is closed for quarantine. As the media reported: "The holiday season is closed." (App.1)

3. Consequences of hurricanes, tornadoes.

Hurricanes and tornadoes are one of the most powerful forces of the elements. They cause significant destruction, cause great damage to the population, and lead to human casualties. In terms of their destructive impact, they are compared with earthquakes and floods.

The destructive effect of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes depends on the velocity pressure of air masses, which determines the force of dynamic impact and has a propelling effect.

Often they are accompanied by thunderstorms and hail. The energy of such natural phenomena is colossal. A typical summer thunderstorm has the energy of the 13 atomic bombs that destroyed Nagasaki. But the average hurricane corresponds in energy to 500 thousand similar atomic bombs.

A hurricane, originating in the ocean, comes to land, bringing catastrophic destruction. As a result of the combined action of water and wind, strong buildings are damaged and light structures are demolished, wires of power transmission and communication lines are cut off, fields are devastated, trees are broken and uprooted, roads are destroyed, animals and people are dying, ships are sinking. How terrible is a hurricane?

A secondary consequence of the hurricane is fires resulting from lightning strikes, accidents on power lines, gas communications, and leakage of flammable substances.

Storms are far less devastating than hurricanes. However, they also cause significant damage to agriculture, transport and other sectors of the economy.

Dust storms cover fields, settlements and roads with a layer of dust (sometimes reaching several tens of centimeters) over areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. Under such conditions, the harvest is significantly reduced or completely lost, and large expenditures of effort and money are required to clean up settlements, roads and restore agricultural land.

Snow storms in our country often reach great strength over vast areas. They lead to the cessation of traffic in cities and rural areas, the death of farm animals and even people.

Thus, hurricanes and storms, being dangerous in themselves, in combination with the phenomena accompanying them, create a complex environment leading to destruction and casualties.

A tornado, in contact with the earth's surface, often causes destruction of the same degree as strong hurricane winds, but in much smaller areas.

These destructions are associated with the action of rapidly rotating air and a sharp rise of air masses upwards. As a result of these phenomena, some objects (cars, light houses, building roofs, people and animals) can lift off the ground and be transported hundreds of meters. Such an action of a tornado often leads to the destruction of lifted objects, and causes injuries and contusions to people, which can lead to death.

4. Measures to reduce damage from hurricanes, storms, tornadoes.

All the given examples of the raging elements speak of victims and Destruction. That is why it is necessary to study hurricane winds. Of great importance for reducing losses from hurricanes, storms and tornadoes is the timely forecast and notification of the population about their approach.

From time immemorial, people have dreamed of learning to predict the appearance of hurricanes. The sailors were especially attentive. They determined the approach of a storm by the appearance of clouds, sunset, pressure drop, air conditions and temperature. But these are local signs.

Forecasters closely monitor the state of the atmosphere in our time. Their most reliable and vigilant assistants are radars and artificial earth satellites. In one revolution around the planet, the meteorological satellite is able to "examine" more than 8% of its surface, and in a day - the entire planet.

Accurate forecasting allows government bodies to take timely preventive measures in case of a direct threat of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. Operational protective measures carried out after receiving a signal of approaching danger include:

• transfer of unique and especially valuable property to stable or buried premises;
• preparation of shelters, basements and other underground facilities for the protection of the population;
• partial evacuation of the population.

Over time, people began to look for ways to protect themselves from the destructive storm winds. Every approach of a suspicious hurricane (cloud accumulation), wherever it occurs, is now photographed by meteorological satellites from space, weather service planes fly to the “eye of the typhoon” to get accurate data. This information is put into computers to calculate the path and duration of the hurricane and to warn the population in advance of the danger.

The North Sea, too, began to struggle with the devastating effects of storm surges. After the disasters of 1953 in England and the Netherlands, the Hamburgfloods of 1962. Dikes and dams were strengthened, new ones were built, and a modern warning system was installed.

Many millions spent on this have already paid off. So, in 1976, a hurricane came from the northeast of the North Sea at a speed of 160 km / h and prevented the ebb. When the next wave surged onto the banks, the water rose several centimeters higher than during the floods of 1953 and 1962. But the disaster did not happen. The population of the disaster zone was warned in advance about the danger and the need to take precautions by radio and television. Although the hurricane demolished several dams, flooded railway embankments and washed away individual houses, there were no casualties on the German coast, and only 20 people died in England.

Particular attention is paid to the prevention of destruction, which can lead to the emergence of secondary factors of damage (fires, accidents at hazardous industries, dam breaks, etc.), sometimes exceeding in severity the impact of the natural disaster itself. Measures are taken to prevent the spill of hazardous liquids.

An important area of ​​work to reduce damage is the struggle for the stability of communication lines, power supply networks, wired urban and intercity transport, which are most vulnerable to hurricanes, storms and tornadoes.

When carrying out operational measures in rural areas, in addition, they organize the delivery of feed to farms and complexes, the pumping of water into towers and additional tanks, and the preparation of backup energy sources. Farm animals are taken to ground structures and natural shelters.

5 Rules for safe behavior in the event of a threat and during hurricanes, storms and tornadoes.

5.1 Rules of conduct for various types of threats during hurricanes, storms, tornadoes.

Upon receiving a warning signal about the threat of a hurricane, storm, tornado, people begin work to improve the stability of buildings, structures and other objects, take measures to prevent fires and create stocks of food, drinking water, medicines and other necessary means. The windows in the houses are closed with shutters or clogged with shields, the doors are strengthened from the windward side. On the opposite side, on the contrary, windows and doors are opened to equalize the pressure.

With the receipt of information about the immediate approach of a hurricane or a strong storm, it is necessary to take a previously prepared place in a building or shelter, and if there is a threat of a tornado, only in a basement or underground structure.

If you are forced to stay on the street, you should hide away from buildings in a ravine, pit, ditch, ditch, roadside ditch. Thus, you can protect yourself from the throwing action of hurricanes and storms (from flying fragments of glass, slate, tiles, bricks and other objects). The face and head must be covered at least with hands.

Usually, wind meteorological phenomena are accompanied by showers (blizzards in winter) and lightning discharges. Therefore, you can not hide in open areas near separate trees, towers and other structures.

If a hurricane or a tornado caught at home, you need to go to the leeward side, take cover away from windows, mirrors, behind a reliable wall. It is best to go down to the basement and close it well behind you. Under no circumstances should you go outside. Unexpected gusts of wind can cause injury.

To warn of the threat of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes, the signal “Attention everyone!” Is used, transmitted by sirens, intermittent beeps of enterprises and vehicles. Having heard this signal, it is necessary to turn on the radio, TV (on the local program guide) and listen to information about the possible time of the approach of a natural disaster to a particular area and the rules of behavior for the population. This information is brought to people in advance, taking into account the time required to prepare and occupy the shelter.

Even if the storm, hurricane, tornado is over, certain precautions should be observed: do not approach and, moreover, do not touch broken wires, do not approach fallen trees, swinging shutters, signs, banners, use electric lights in houses and apartments.

If there is a gas leak, using an open fire during and after a natural disaster can cause an explosion, so you need to ventilate the area and stop the gas leak. Use electrical appliances only after they have been dried and checked.

During snow and dust storms, you can leave the premises only in cases of urgent need and only as part of a group. At the same time, the route of movement and the time of return must be reported to relatives or neighbors. The best protection against a tornado is basements and underground structures.

During a hurricane, storm, tornado and after them, it is impossible:

• be on elevated places, bridges, near pipelines, in places located near objects where there are emergency chemically hazardous and flammable substances;
• enter damaged buildings;
• upon returning home, use electrical appliances, gas stoves;
• touching broken electrical wires pipes;
• hide under a separate tree, be near poles and masts, come close to power transmission towers.

5.2 . What to do if a tornado takes you by surprise? (information of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation)

The best place to hide is in the basement. If there is time, you need to close the doors, ventilation, dormer windows. It is not recommended to turn on light and gas in order to avoid a fire. It is impossible to run away from a tornado, but you can drive away from it by car. At the same time, it is worth remembering that the trajectory of a tornado is unpredictable, as well as the places where objects raised by it fall or hail breaks. In addition, the car is a good target for lightning. It is best to take cover in a ditch of the road, a pit, a ditch, a ravine and snuggle tightly to the ground. It is even better if there is an opportunity to hide behind something from above (climbing under the car is not recommended). In no case should you tie yourself to any objects, the scene of rescuing two scientists who tied themselves to pipes in the film directed by Jan de Mont "Smerch" is completely fictional. What to do if, in the event of a hurricane, storm, tornado, you find yourself:

6 Research.

I was interested in what my peers know about the tornado, its origin, rules of conduct. Sixth grade students were asked the following questions:

1. What dangerous winds do you know?
2. What happened on August 8, 2002 in Novorossiysk?
3. Have you observed a tornado near Novorossiysk?
4. How is a tornado formed?
5. Why does a tornado form over the Black Sea?
6. How should you behave if a tornado is approaching?
7. Where did you hear about it?

The result showed that more than half of the respondents observed a tornado. Most people know various hurricane winds. Half of the respondents remembered that on August 8 there was a natural disaster in the city. Unfortunately, most could not explain the nature of the tornado. But the main information about the rules of conduct was received on television, mainly from feature films. After processing the data, using the materials of my work, I spoke at the lessons of geography and life safety about methods of protection. And then I did the survey again. (App 16)

Conclusion.

You can read many fiction books and watch dozens of feature films. To date, there is not a single work that would reliably describe the nature and consequences of the activity of tornadoes. All winds, from a light breeze to a hurricane, are due to differences in temperature. Wind is the movement of air in a horizontal direction. Tornado is an exception to the rule. He is a formidable natural phenomenon that has always caused and causes horror in people. At the same time, this is a bewitching, exciting spectacle that you look at in admiration and fear at the same time. Although forecasters can predict the possibility of the formation of tornadoes, it is still impossible to name the exact place where it will strike. It is also impossible to fight him. It is very good that people have learned to protect themselves and their property when they meet him. In order to reduce economic losses, it is necessary to build stronger buildings in areas where tornadoes form, and to strengthen control over the removal of excess water. Since my city is located in an area where such winds are frequent guests, everyone should know the rules of conduct during poetry. Calm actions in the face of a threat, the absence of panic during the evacuation, assistance to the authorities in eliminating losses after a tornado can not only reduce the number of victims and injured, but also return to a calm, well-established life faster. And this is very important for our city, located in the resort area. Guests of our city should feel safe and dream of returning to us again.

Annex 1. Novorossiysk tornado of 2002. District of South Ozereevka

(photo by Lapatin S.A.)

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12. www.biodiversiti.ru
13. www.lenta.ru/russia/2002

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Completed by: Cherkashina Valentina Student of the 6th grade of the MAOU gymnasium No. 5 in Novorossiysk Scientific adviser Cherkashina Natalya Borisovna Geography teacher of the MAOU gymnasium No. 5 Novorossiysk 2007. Tornado: its nature and consequences.

OBJECTIVES: Find out why tornadoes appear; Learn the types and movement of tornadoes; What are the ways to protect your home and your own life.

Vintage image of the winds.

Beaufort scale Name of the wind regime Wind speed, km/h Points Signs Calm 0-1.6 0 Smoke goes straight Light breeze 3.2-4.8 1 Smoke bends Light breeze 6.4-11.3 2 Leaves move Light breeze 12 .9-19.3 3 Leaves move Moderate breeze 20.9-28.9 4 Leaves and dust fly Fresh breeze 30.6-38.6 5 Thin trees sway Strong breeze 40.2-49.9 6 Thick trees sway Strong wind 51.5-61.1 7 Trunks of trees bend Storm 62.8-74.0 8 Branches break Strong storm 75.5-86.9 root Storm 103.0- 120.7 11 Damage everywhere Hurricane More than 120.7 12 Major damage

orosi sarma grevo sirocco shark bad-kasif tebbad shaitan geoh whirlwind argest tromb marshmallow habub samum not windbore wind

Depending on the wind speed Hurricane (wind speed of 32 m/s or more) Severe hurricane (wind speed of 39.2 m/s or more) Severe hurricane (wind speed of 48.6 m/s or more)

Areas of origin of tropical cyclones. 1. The Yellow Sea and the Pacific Ocean near the Philippine Islands The largest number of cyclones originate here, about 28 per year, half of them with a wind strength of 12 points. During their movement, they capture the territory of Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and sometimes reach the Far East of Russia 2. The Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Antilles and the West Indies. Indian Ocean About 10 cyclones occur here per year, penetrating the territory of India, Pakistan, the Arabian Peninsula 4. Southern Hemisphere: Pacific Ocean off the coast of New Guinea and Northern Australia Up to 20 cyclones occur here per year

"Eye of the Storm" altitude 6 - 15 km Average speed 50 - 60 km/h maximum 150 - 200 km/h.

Hurricanes energy. A 10 day tropical hurricane has a 600 year energy reserve for a country like the US.

Tropical hurricanes from above. Anna Bob

Storm classification. Depending on the color of the particles involved in the movement According to the composition of the particles involved in the movement Depending on the wind speed black red Yellow-red white dust sand snow Storms (wind speed 20 m/s or more) Strong storms (wind speed 28 m/s and more) more) Severe storms (wind speed of 30.5 m/s or more)

Dusk. “The whirlwind is terribly terrible, lifted the team together with the horse and the man and carried it away so that they became invisible quickly. The cart and the dead horse were found the next day in a tree nearby, and the man was missing.”

Tornado classification. By origin By structure Invisible (accompanied by the involvement of air particles in the movement, and their funnel does not touch the surface of the earth) Water (when moving inside them, a large amount of water is involved) Fiery (with massive heat release as a result of volcanic eruptions, fires, explosions; may occur during grass, reed and forest fires) Dense (sharply limited) Vague (not clearly limited)

Tornado classification. In terms of the time of action and the coverage of the space, the snowdrift wind forms small whirlwinds of short duration and an insignificant path length of up to 1 km. Small long-acting tornadoes (have less destructive power, but a significant path length - up to several kilometers) Small short-range tornadoes (have an insignificant path length - up to 1 km, have a significant destructive power Tornadoes - hurricane whirlwinds (have a large spatial impact, up to several tens of , and significant destructive power

The passage of a powerful tornado over the area forms a strip of destruction from 100 to 200 m wide. The air speed in the core of the vortex is on average 40 - 50 m / s, sometimes it can reach 450 km / h.

The place of passage of the tornado "Gorynych"

Tornadoes over the Black Sea.

Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2006.

at 11.45 between the villages of Yuzhnaya Ozereevka and Abrau - Durso 3000 meters high and 200 meters in diameter.

According to the press service of the administration of the city of Novorossiysk, the total damage amounted to 2.2 billion rubles. 58 people died in the city, of which 21 were Novorossiysk. Missing - 8 people, 3 of them Novorossiysk. A total of 123,000 people were affected. 189 houses were destroyed, 365 require major repairs. Property of 1800 families was partially or completely lost.

Consequences of hurricanes, tornadoes.

Hurricane waves. They crash on the coast, as if squeezing huge waves ashore in front of them. They destroy everything in their path and cause severe flooding and cause severe flooding in coastal areas. Terrible consequences are observed when hurricane waves coincide with the tide. Catastrophic downpours and floods. When a hurricane begins, it absorbs a lot of water vapor, which turns into thunderclouds and catastrophic downpours. Heavy rainfall causes mudflows and landslides. In winter conditions, a huge amount of snow falls, which causes avalanches. In the spring, when such masses of snow melt, floods occur. The propelling action of the velocity pressure of a hurricane is manifested in the separation of people from the ground, their transfer through the air and impact on the ground or a structure. At the same time, various objects are carried in the air that hit people. As a result, people die or get injuries and contusions of varying severity. Damage factors of a hurricane.

Pictures from satellites.

Dams in the Netherlands.

Energy of natural disasters. A typical summer thunderstorm is 13 atomic bombs. The average hurricane is 500,000 atomic bombs.

What to do with early warning of the threat of hurricanes, storms, tornadoes. Turn on the TV, listen to the radio recommendations Remove things that can be picked up by the air flow from the window sills of balconies and loggias Prepare supplies of food and drinking water Turn off gas, water, electricity, put out the fire in the stove Take the necessary things, documents, food and water Close and strengthen doors, windows, attic hatches and vents Open windows and doors on the leeward side (to equalize internal pressure) On the windward side, cover the windows with paper, protect the windows with shutters or shields Leave the house, hide in the basement or a protective structure

During a hurricane, storm, tornado and after them, you must not: stay on elevated places, bridges, near pipelines, in places located near objects where there are emergency chemically hazardous and flammable substances; enter damaged buildings; upon returning home, use electrical appliances, gas stoves; touching broken electrical wires pipes; hide under a separate tree, be near poles and masts, come close to power transmission towers.

What to do if, when a hurricane, storm, or tornado occurs, you find yourself: : In the house Outdoors Wait for the gusts to decrease Move away from the windows Quickly move to shelter Take a relatively safe place or stand against the wall Lie down on the bottom of a natural shelter, snuggle up to the ground, cover your head hands Find natural shelter Stay away from buildings

What dangerous winds do you know? Northeast 21 Hurricane 17 Tornado 14 Tornado 6 Storm 5 Storm 5 Typhoon 2 Sailor 1 Blizzard 1

Have you observed a tornado near the city of Novorossiysk? Yes 22 (at sea) No 19

How should you behave if a tornado is approaching? Don't know 13 Enter the building 7 Hide in the basement 8 Run 5 Leave 2 Don't panic 1 Tie yourself to the pipes 2 Warn your parents 1 Get on the roof 1

Where did you learn about precautions? On TV (movies) 8 Guessed it myself 8 From parents 4 Heard somewhere 4 In class 4 From friends 1

How should you behave if a tornado is approaching? Don't know 3 Enter the building 15 Hide in the basement 25 Crouch on the ground 6 Drive away 2 Don't panic 1

The purpose of further work Good winds

They do so with surprising regularity. Moreover, these messages are becoming more frequent, and the consequences of the tornado are more and more tragic. This is due both to the power of the tornado itself as a natural phenomenon, and to related factors. Since it is obvious that the consequences of equivalent tornadoes, formed in deserted regions or raging in densely populated areas, will vary significantly.

Tornado is not a light breeze

A feature of a tornado and the reason for its impressive consequences is the fact that a tornado is actually a whole complex of powerful and fast tornadoes. The “engine” of a tornado is a funnel, in which the wind speed reaches its maximum values. In turn, a tornado funnel is a complex of several local tornadoes, which draw inside everything that comes across on the path of this phenomenon. This explains the seemingly irrational picture observed in the aftermath of the most powerful and large tornadoes.

From photographs and video footage from the air, it is clear that the "road" of the tornado is in fact heterogeneous: there are separate "streaks" in it. Nearby houses can be damaged so unevenly that only the foundation remains of one, and the second stands almost unscathed. At the same time, the energy of individual tornadoes that make up a tornado is summed up and reaches enormous values. Scientists have calculated that the power of an average tornado is equal to the energy that is released during the explosion of an atomic bomb with a power of 20 kilotons. Of course, this is enough to destroy buildings, overturn trains, not counting cars and smaller objects. In addition, strong electromagnetic fields are created in the areas of tornado formation, which leads to a large number of electrical discharges, including ball lightning.

What can a tornado do

Talk about the mechanism of action and the energy potential of a tornado may seem abstract and theoretical. It would be much clearer to give a few historical examples of the consequences that tornadoes led to:

at the beginning of the last century, the tornado of 1913, one of the many tornadoes on the famous Tornado Alley, was actively covered in the American press. Journalists were particularly impressed by examples of how selective tornadoes can be. In one case, he carried off two horses, while the cart drawn by them and the person on it remained unharmed. A similar story happened to a woman milking a cow - the animal was carried away by a tornado into the clouds, while the villager was not injured;

one of the most famous is the Tri-State Tornado that struck Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana in March 1925. This tornado traveled over 300 kilometers and destroyed absolutely everything in an area of ​​about 200 square kilometers. At the same time, almost 700 people died, over two thousand were seriously injured;

in the summer of 1984, a devastating tornado passed through the Central European part of the USSR. In fact, on June 9, 1984, there were three tornadoes on the territory of modern Russia, the most destructive of which was the so-called Ivanovsky. The wind speed in it reached 100 meters per second, the tornado passed in the vicinity of Ivanovo, destroying many buildings in various settlements. As a result, about 60 people died, more than 800 people were injured.

How terrible is a tornado

In fact, the question of what exactly is dangerous for a tornado is not so trivial. Because without a clear knowledge of the nature of the danger, it is impossible to develop an effective system of precautions and protection - and health and life directly depend on this. A tornado, of course, is dangerous in itself - if a person is drawn into a tornado in an open area, he can die simply from a fall from a great height. But still, the main danger of a tornado for a person lies in the objects captured by the vortex and flying at high speed, formed during the destruction of buildings and structures.

In addition, in populated areas, tornadoes cause fires and malfunction of energy communications, which also poses a threat to human life. Therefore, experts recommend that if there is a danger of a tornado, take refuge in a safe shelter located below ground level (any basement-type premises). In addition, you should avoid being close to places where there may be faulty electrical appliances and communications, as well as areas of gas accumulation.

Alexander Babitsky